Rrauzmws.php - 60. If you can get to the console of the server running PHP, type: php -i | grep 'GD\|ImageMagick'. This will tell you if GD or ImageMagick is installed and running. Share. Improve this answer. Follow. answered Sep 9, 2016 at 13:54.

 
Feb 7, 2022 · PHP is a type of open-source general-purpose scripting language fit for server-side programming. It is a popular choice in web development in creating dynamic pages and applications. The acronym used to stand for ‘Personal Home Page’. But, now, PHP is known as Hypertext Preprocessor. . Sampercent27s club tires

Rasmus Lerdorf's work created the web as we know it, but he doesn't care for coding. "I really don't like programming. I built this tool to program less so that I could just reuse code," he said ...Rasmus Lerdorf was the original creator of PHP, which has evolved from his personal home page project into an open-source scripting language used worldwide. Lerdorf was interviewed recently via e ...We sit down with Rasmus Lerdorf, creator of the programming language PHP, to find out why he hates coding, loves Etsy and is the only Latino Eskimo in California. “I find programming boring and ...Dec 6, 2019 · It is a real privilege to have the creator of the PHP language kicking off the return of the conference with an inspiring keynote!Rasmus will talk about all ... Rasmus Lerdorf is the original creator of PHP.Sep 1, 2020 · PHP สามารถทำอะไรได้บ้าง. PHP สามารถทำงานในสิ่งที่โปรแกรม CGI สามารถทำได้และทำได้มากกว่าด้วย ยกตัวอย่างเช่น การเก็บข้อมูล การ ... Apr 28, 2006 · Programming PHP, 2nd Edition, is the authoritative guide to PHP 5 and is filled with the unique knowledge of the creator of PHP (Rasmus Lerdorf) and other PHP experts. When it comes to creating websites, the PHP scripting language is truly a red-hot property. In fact, PHP is currently used on more than 19 million websites, surpassing Microsoft ... Rasmus Lerdorf's work created the web as we know it, but he doesn't care for coding. "I really don't like programming. I built this tool to program less so that I could just reuse code," he said ...PHP/FI version 2.0 is a complete rewrite of these two packages combined into a single program. It has now evolved to the point where it is a simple programming language embedded inside HTML files. The original acronym, PHP, has stuck. It isn't really appropriate any longer.Caution. The eval() language construct is very dangerous because it allows execution of arbitrary PHP code. Its use thus is discouraged. If you have carefully verified that there is no other option than to use this construct, pay special attention not to pass any user provided data into it without properly validating it beforehand.Oct 11, 2021 · Rasmus Lerdorf's work created the web as we know it, but he doesn't care for coding. "I really don't like programming. I built this tool to program less so that I could just reuse code," he said ... Believe the hype: PHP founder backs Facebook's HipHop technology Rasmus Lerdorf also discusses language's security status, coming upgrades, and importance of getting out of the coder echo chamberAfter nearly 7 years of service I retired my Asus RT-16 router, which wasn't really a router, but a re-purposed wifi access point running AdvancedTomato. In its place I got a Ubiquiti EdgeRouter Lite. It is Debian-based and has a dual-core 500MHz 64-Bit MIPS CPU (Cavium Octeon+), 512M of ram and a 4... Nov 12. 2013.Jun 22, 2012 · [2010-01-08 21:26 UTC] endosquid at endosquid dot com I submit that you may have missed the point: We are passing a (possibly uninitialized, or null-valued) variable to the function, in hundreds of places and web pages, and we would not expect such a fundamental function to suddenly return a different result. メインページ; コミュニティ・ポータル; 最近の出来事; 新しいページ; 最近の更新; おまかせ表示; 練習用ページ; アップロード (ウィキメディア・コモンズ) ภาษา PHP. 8 December 2016. ในบทเรียนนี้ คุณจะได้เรียนภาษา PHP ในพื้นฐาน เช่น โครงสร้างของภาษา ตัวแปร ตัวดำเนินการ คำสั่งควบคุม อาเรย์ ...After nearly 7 years of service I retired my Asus RT-16 router, which wasn't really a router, but a re-purposed wifi access point running AdvancedTomato. In its place I got a Ubiquiti EdgeRouter Lite. It is Debian-based and has a dual-core 500MHz 64-Bit MIPS CPU (Cavium Octeon+), 512M of ram and a 4... Nov 12. 2013.PHP/FI version 2.0 is a complete rewrite of these two packages combined into a single program. It has now evolved to the point where it is a simple programming language embedded inside HTML files. The original acronym, PHP, has stuck. It isn't really appropriate any longer.PHP Programming at Wikibooks. PHP is a general-purpose scripting language geared towards web development. [9] It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. [10] [11] The PHP reference implementation is now produced by the PHP Group. [12] PHP was originally an abbreviation of Personal Home ...PHP is a general-purpose scripting language geared toward web development. It was created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994. The PHP reference implementation is now produced by The PHP Group. PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page, but it now stands for the recursive initialism PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. 1. Frameworks Execute The Same Code Repeatedly Without Need. Rasmus clarified that all frameworks that are for general purposes are not optimized for everbody's needs. A more specific complaint was that the solutions that frameworks offer lead to executing needless PHP code repeatedly in every HTTP request. Programming PHP, 2nd Edition, is the authoritative guide to PHP 5 and is filled with the unique knowledge of the creator of PHP (Rasmus Lerdorf) and other PHP experts. When it comes to creating websites, the PHP scripting language is truly a red-hot property. In fact, PHP is currently used on more than 19 million websites, surpassing Microsoft ...2. If you're using jQuery, you'll have to set up an AJAX request on the client side that sends a GET request to the server. You can then pull the data you supplied in the request from the $_GET [] array on the server side. $ (function () { var data = { sample_string: "hi", saveAs: "something" }; $.get ('/path/to/script.php', data, function ...@rasmus. PHP in 2015 with a focus on performance 20 Years of PHP!?? Argh! PHP Announcement June 8, 1995 Posted to comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi Subject: Announce: Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools) Announcing the Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools) version 1.0. These tools are a set of small tight cgi binaries written in C.PHP provides functions to convert to and from URL encoding, which allows you to build and decode URLs. There are actually two types of URL encoding, which differ in how they treat spaces. The first (specified by RFC 3986) treats a space as just another illegal character in a URL and encodes it as %20.PHP is a server-side scripting language, which means that a server executes the instructions in a script. Then, the server provides data on request, channels the requests, and organizes the information in a database. When a web server receives a script, it will process the request and send output to a web browser in an HTML format.Jun 25, 2019 · Introduction to PHP: PHP was first conceived in the year 1994 and was originally the work of Rasmus Lerdorf. PHP originally stands for Personal Home Page, but it was changed with GNU(Gnu`s Not Linux) recursive naming conventions and now it stands for Hypertext Pre-processor. PHP is one of the most popular server-side scripting languages which are widely used for creating websites. As of 2019 ... PHP is an open-source, interpreted, and object-oriented scripting language that can be executed at the server-side. PHP is well suited for web development. Therefore, it is used to develop web applications (an application that executes on the server and generates the dynamic page.). PHP was created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 but appeared in the ... However by October Rasmus’ complete rewrite of the code made it easy to adopt for developers who already knew C, Perl and similar languages. PHP was on the path to becoming a programming language. Yet, this organic transformation from CGI to its own language wasn’t something Rasmus expected. "I don’t [sic] know how to stop it.Rasmus Lerdorf was the original creator of PHP, which has evolved from his personal home page project into an open-source scripting language used worldwide. Lerdorf was interviewed recently via e ...Nov 21, 2021 · The New Life of PHP – The PHP Foundation. During PHP’s 26-year history, the language has been actively developed by a huge number of people, such as Rasmus Lerdorf, Zeev Suraski, Andi Gutmans, Nikita Popov, and many, many others. In 2021, PHP is in for another round of evolution. 2. If you're using jQuery, you'll have to set up an AJAX request on the client side that sends a GET request to the server. You can then pull the data you supplied in the request from the $_GET [] array on the server side. $ (function () { var data = { sample_string: "hi", saveAs: "something" }; $.get ('/path/to/script.php', data, function ...PHP สามารถทำอะไรได้บ้าง. PHP สามารถทำงานในสิ่งที่โปรแกรม CGI สามารถทำได้และทำได้มากกว่าด้วย ยกตัวอย่างเช่น การเก็บข้อมูล การ ...Programming PHP, 2nd Edition. by Rasmus Lerdorf, Kevin Tatroe, Peter MacIntyre. Released April 2006. Publisher (s): O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN: 9780596006815. Read it now on the O’Reilly learning platform with a 10-day free trial. O’Reilly members get unlimited access to books, live events, courses curated by job role, and more from O ...PHP (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML. Nice, but what does that mean?PHP has been around for almost as long as the Web. 25 years!Join me for a fun look at the highlights (and lowlights) of this crazy trip. But I will also be t... Rasmus Hojlund has quickly won the approval of his Manchester United teammate Casemiro after the young striker’s club debut against Arsenal on Sunday. Arsenal news, exclusives and analysis This ...60. If you can get to the console of the server running PHP, type: php -i | grep 'GD\|ImageMagick'. This will tell you if GD or ImageMagick is installed and running. Share. Improve this answer. Follow. answered Sep 9, 2016 at 13:54.Apr 28, 2006 · As the industry standard book on PHP, all of the essentials are covered in a clear and concise manner. Language syntax and programming techniques are coupled with numerous examples that illustrate both correct usage and common idioms. With style tips and practical programming advice, this book will help you become not just a PHP programmer, but ... Programming PHP is an authoritative guide to PHP 4 and is filled with the unique knowledge of the creator of PHP, Rasmus Lerdorf. This book explains PHP language syntax and programming techniques in a clear and concise manner, with numerous examples that illustrate both correct usage and common idioms. The book also includes style tips and ... PHP has been around for almost as long as the Web. 25 years!Join me for a fun look at the highlights (and lowlights) of this crazy trip. But I will also be t... PHP is a server-side scripting language, which means that a server executes the instructions in a script. Then, the server provides data on request, channels the requests, and organizes the information in a database. When a web server receives a script, it will process the request and send output to a web browser in an HTML format.メインページ; コミュニティ・ポータル; 最近の出来事; 新しいページ; 最近の更新; おまかせ表示; 練習用ページ; アップロード (ウィキメディア・コモンズ)Aug 8, 2005 · Statistics of Rasmus Kumpulainen, a hockey player from Lahti, Finland born Aug 8 2005 who was active from 2022 to 2023. Programming PHP is an authoritative guide to PHP 4 and is filled with the unique knowledge of the creator of PHP, Rasmus Lerdorf. This book explains PHP language syntax and programming techniques in a clear and concise manner, with numerous examples that illustrate both correct usage and common idioms. The book also includes style tips and ... PHP is a programming language used by web developers to build dynamic websites that are able to interact with the database. It is mostly used to develop web-based software. There are a lot of dynamic web pages present on the internet. As PHP is the fundamental of a dynamic webpage, it is a widely known technology in the IT Industry.November 13, 2013 12:48 PM. PHP creator Rasmus Lerdorf with VentureBeat's Jolie O'Dell. Image Credit: Michael O'Donnell. PHP ‘s creator Rasmus Lerdorf did not intend to create an entirely new ...Comparing Selected Criteria of Programming Languages Java, PHP, C++, Perl, Haskell, AspectJ, Ruby, COBOL, Bash Scripts and Scheme Revision 1.0 - a Team CPLgroup COMP6411-S10 Term Reportภาษา PHP. 8 December 2016. ในบทเรียนนี้ คุณจะได้เรียนภาษา PHP ในพื้นฐาน เช่น โครงสร้างของภาษา ตัวแปร ตัวดำเนินการ คำสั่งควบคุม อาเรย์ ...Rasmus Lerdorf (born 22 November 1968) is a Danish-Canadian [1] programmer.Rasmus Lerdorf is a computer programmer that was born in Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland on November 6th, 1968. A graduate of King City Secondary School in 1988, and from the University of Waterloo in ... PHP provides functions to convert to and from URL encoding, which allows you to build and decode URLs. There are actually two types of URL encoding, which differ in how they treat spaces. The first (specified by RFC 3986) treats a space as just another illegal character in a URL and encodes it as %20. ภาษา PHP. 8 December 2016. ในบทเรียนนี้ คุณจะได้เรียนภาษา PHP ในพื้นฐาน เช่น โครงสร้างของภาษา ตัวแปร ตัวดำเนินการ คำสั่งควบคุม อาเรย์ ... The Zend Engine is a compiler and runtime environment for the PHP scripting language and consists of the Zend Virtual Machine, which is composed of the Zend Compiler and the Zend Executor, that compiles and executes the PHP code. [2] It was originally developed by Andi Gutmans and Zeev Suraski while they were students at the Technion – Israel ...ภาษา PHP. 8 December 2016. ในบทเรียนนี้ คุณจะได้เรียนภาษา PHP ในพื้นฐาน เช่น โครงสร้างของภาษา ตัวแปร ตัวดำเนินการ คำสั่งควบคุม อาเรย์ ...Programming PHP, 2nd Edition, is the authoritative guide to PHP 5 and is filled with the unique knowledge of the creator of PHP (Rasmus Lerdorf) and other PHP experts. When it comes to creating websites, the PHP scripting language is truly a red-hot property. In fact, PHP is currently used on more than 19 million websites, surpassing Microsoft ...Rasmus Lerdorf is a computer programmer that was born in Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland on November 6th, 1968. A graduate of King City Secondary School in 1988, and from the University of Waterloo in ... PHP is an open-source, interpreted, and object-oriented scripting language that can be executed at the server-side. PHP is well suited for web development. Therefore, it is used to develop web applications (an application that executes on the server and generates the dynamic page.). PHP was created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 but appeared in the ...The New Life of PHP – The PHP Foundation. During PHP’s 26-year history, the language has been actively developed by a huge number of people, such as Rasmus Lerdorf, Zeev Suraski, Andi Gutmans, Nikita Popov, and many, many others. In 2021, PHP is in for another round of evolution.Introduction to PHP. PHP is a server-side and general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development. PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page. However, now, it stands for Hypertext Preprocessor. It’s a recursive acronym because the first word itself is also an acronym. PHP was created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994.Rasmus Lerdorf (born 22 November 1968) is a Danish-Canadian [1] programmer.Oct 27, 1996 · Statistics of Rasmus Andersson, a hockey player from Malmo, Sweden born Oct 27 1996 who was active from 2011 to 2023. Just read his first quote: "I did not develop the PHP we know today.", that should be enough. Your code is shit.. your argument is shit. I like offending people, because I think people who get offended should be offended. I wish everybody was as nice as I am. You know, I get the feeling he is a terrible programmer...by Rasmus Lerdorf, Kevin Tatroe, Peter MacIntyre. Released February 2013. Publisher (s): O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN: 9781449392772. Read it now on the O’Reilly learning platform with a 10-day free trial. O’Reilly members get unlimited access to books, live events, courses curated by job role, and more from O’Reilly and nearly 200 top ...PHP 3.0 also supports a wide range of databases, including Oracle, Sybase, Solid, MySQ, mSQL, and PostgreSQL, as well as ODBC data sources. New features include persistent database connections, support for the SNMP and IMAP protocols, and a revamped C API for extending the language with new features.Programming PHP is an authoritative guide to PHP 4 and is filled with the unique knowledge of the creator of PHP, Rasmus Lerdorf. This book explains PHP language syntax and programming techniques in a clear and concise manner, with numerous examples that illustrate both correct usage and common idioms. The book also includes style tips and ... Dec 6, 2019 · It is a real privilege to have the creator of the PHP language kicking off the return of the conference with an inspiring keynote!Rasmus will talk about all ... Oct 11, 2021 · Rasmus Lerdorf's work created the web as we know it, but he doesn't care for coding. "I really don't like programming. I built this tool to program less so that I could just reuse code," he said ... Kelebihan PHP Dari Bahasa Pemrograman Lain. Beberapa kelebihan PHP untuk bahasa pemrograman web, antara lain: Bahasa pemrograman PHP adalah sebuah bahasa script yang tidak melakukan sebuah kompilasi dalam penggunaannya.A one-page opcache status page. Contribute to rlerdorf/opcache-status development by creating an account on GitHub.PHP is an incredibly popular programming language. Statistics say it’s used by 80% of all websites. It’s the language that powers WordPress, the widely used content management system for websites. And it also powers a lot of different frameworks that make Web Development easier, like Laravel. Speaking of Laravel, itGoals for this approach. Keep the PHP code in the views extremely simple: function calls, simple loops and variable substitutions should be all you need. When possible, avoid layers and other complexities to make code easier to audit. Use APC and apc_store/apc_fetch for caching data that rarely changes.PHP is a general-purpose scripting language geared toward web development. It was created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994. The PHP reference implementation is now produced by The PHP Group. PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page, but it now stands for the recursive initialism PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP is a language that's become popular for web apps. Some of PHP's notable non-features include: No Namespaces: PHP doesn't have a concept of namespace, which means it's got a load of functions in "core", and addon packages have to be careful not to step on each other.Aug 1, 2023 · Caution. The eval() language construct is very dangerous because it allows execution of arbitrary PHP code. Its use thus is discouraged. If you have carefully verified that there is no other option than to use this construct, pay special attention not to pass any user provided data into it without properly validating it beforehand. Jul 7, 2022 · PHP is an incredibly popular programming language. Statistics say it’s used by 80% of all websites. It’s the language that powers WordPress, the widely used content management system for websites. And it also powers a lot of different frameworks that make Web Development easier, like Laravel. Speaking of Laravel, it 2 days ago · Rasmus Hojlund has quickly won the approval of his Manchester United teammate Casemiro after the young striker’s club debut against Arsenal on Sunday. Arsenal news, exclusives and analysis This ... メインページ; コミュニティ・ポータル; 最近の出来事; 新しいページ; 最近の更新; おまかせ表示; 練習用ページ; アップロード (ウィキメディア・コモンズ)PHP 3.0. PHP 3.0 was the first version that closely resembles PHP as it exists today. Zeev and Andi rewrote the interpreter and introduced a new extension API which makes it a lot easier for the community to contribute new extensions. With many new developers from around the world on board, PHP 3 was announced by the new PHP Development Team.Oct 11, 2021 · Rasmus Lerdorf's work created the web as we know it, but he doesn't care for coding. "I really don't like programming. I built this tool to program less so that I could just reuse code," he said ... Documentation for the php7dev Vagrant box image. Contribute to rlerdorf/php7dev development by creating an account on GitHub.Mar 15, 2000 · Statistics of Rasmus Kupari, a hockey player from Kotka, Finland born Mar 15 2000 who was active from 2017 to 2023. Rasmus Winther Højlund ( Danish pronunciation: [ˈʁɑsmus ˈhʌjˌlɔnˀ]; [4] born 4 February 2003) is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Premier League club Manchester United and the Denmark national team . Højlund graduated from Copenhagen 's youth academy, making his first-team debut for the club aged 17 in ...Aug 29, 2008 · PHP frameworks. In his address he choose to highlight PHP frameworks (Drupal was not spared) and how poor they are at performance. Not only are they slow, but their "jack-of-all-trades" attitude ...

Here we would like to show the very basics of PHP in a short, simple tutorial. This text only deals with dynamic web page creation with PHP, though PHP is not only capable of creating web pages. See the section titled What can PHP do for more information. PHP-enabled web pages are treated just like regular HTML pages and you can create and edit .... Macypercent27s my day insite

rrauzmws.php

@rasmus. PHP in 2015 with a focus on performance 20 Years of PHP!?? Argh! PHP Announcement June 8, 1995 Posted to comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi Subject: Announce: Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools) Announcing the Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools) version 1.0. These tools are a set of small tight cgi binaries written in C.Aug 8, 2005 · Statistics of Rasmus Kumpulainen, a hockey player from Lahti, Finland born Aug 8 2005 who was active from 2022 to 2023. JSON MCQs: This section contains JSON Multiple-Choice Questions with Answers. These JSON MCQs are written for beginners as well as advanced, practice these MCQs to enhance and test the knowledge of JSON. Jun 25, 2019 · Introduction to PHP: PHP was first conceived in the year 1994 and was originally the work of Rasmus Lerdorf. PHP originally stands for Personal Home Page, but it was changed with GNU(Gnu`s Not Linux) recursive naming conventions and now it stands for Hypertext Pre-processor. PHP is one of the most popular server-side scripting languages which are widely used for creating websites. As of 2019 ... [2010-01-08 21:26 UTC] endosquid at endosquid dot com I submit that you may have missed the point: We are passing a (possibly uninitialized, or null-valued) variable to the function, in hundreds of places and web pages, and we would not expect such a fundamental function to suddenly return a different result.Mar 15, 2000 · Statistics of Rasmus Kupari, a hockey player from Kotka, Finland born Mar 15 2000 who was active from 2017 to 2023. Introduction to PHP. PHP is a server-side and general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development. PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page. However, now, it stands for Hypertext Preprocessor. It’s a recursive acronym because the first word itself is also an acronym. PHP was created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994.November 13, 2013 12:48 PM. PHP creator Rasmus Lerdorf with VentureBeat's Jolie O'Dell. Image Credit: Michael O'Donnell. PHP ‘s creator Rasmus Lerdorf did not intend to create an entirely new ...Feb 27, 2006 · Goals for this approach. Keep the PHP code in the views extremely simple: function calls, simple loops and variable substitutions should be all you need. When possible, avoid layers and other complexities to make code easier to audit. Use APC and apc_store/apc_fetch for caching data that rarely changes. Documentation for the php7dev Vagrant box image. Contribute to rlerdorf/php7dev development by creating an account on GitHub. Вход за. проучвания. ID номер: Парола: При затруднения, моля, изпратете ни Вашия лабораторен номер/ID на [email protected] 1, 2023 · PHP (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML. Nice, but what does that mean? PHP สามารถทำอะไรได้บ้าง. PHP สามารถทำงานในสิ่งที่โปรแกรม CGI สามารถทำได้และทำได้มากกว่าด้วย ยกตัวอย่างเช่น การเก็บข้อมูล การ ...Rasmus Lerdorf's work created the web as we know it, but he doesn't care for coding. "I really don't like programming. I built this tool to program less so that I could just reuse code," he said ...4 IV. Operators A. Assignment 1. = += -= /= *= %= ++ -- - like most programming languages. 2. .= - string concatenation operator (see strings section). B. ArithmeticRasmus Lerdorf. Rasmus Lerdorf (born on 22 November 1968) is a Danish-Canadian programmer. He created the PHP scripting language, authoring the first two versions of the language and participated in the development of later versions led by a group of developers including Jim Winstead (who later created blo.gs), Stig Bakken, Shane Caraveo, Andi Gutmans, and Zeev Suraski.Aug 1, 2023 · PHP Authors; Contribution Authors; Zend Scripting Language Engine : Andi Gutmans, Zeev Suraski, Stanislav Malyshev, Marcus Boerger, Dmitry Stogov, Xinchen Hui, Nikita Popov Rasmus is the name of someone who is very loving and caring. a Rasmus has a lot of energy and loves the outdoors. a Rasmus is very active, but also loves candy and sweets. a Rasmus is very attractive and many people love a Rasmus for their fun and crazy personality and gorgeous looks. a Rasmus will never let you down and is very loyal to friends and lovers. you can always trust a Rasmus. if ...Statistics of Rasmus Andersson, a hockey player from Malmo, Sweden born Oct 27 1996 who was active from 2011 to 2023.PHP is an open-source, HTML-embedded scripting language that allows you to handle tasks such as processing form input and working with databases directly in your HTML pages, rather than through CGI scripts.The PHP Pocket Reference is both a handy introduction to PHP syntax and structure and a quick reference to the vast array of functions provided by PHP..

Popular Topics